Cloud Computing Conference in 2009 - Call For Papers

Call for Papers: Cloud Slam '09, First Virtual Conference on Cloud Computing,
April 20-24, 2009

Organized by leading authorities and experts, global conference will tackle
the shape and future of Cloud Computing

TORONTO, Jan. 7

A global network of leading experts whose
experiences are shaping the future of Cloud Computing is announcing the launch
of Cloud Slam '09, a virtual conference covering technology, business models,
industry implementation experiences, regulatory compliance, privacy and
security, risk management and scientific research in the world of cloud
computing.

Cloud Computing professionals are invited to submit their presentation papers
by February 12, 2009 at 6PM EST. Submission details and guidelines are
available via the conference web site at http://cloudslam09.com/node/28.

The Conference program will reflect the highest level of accomplishments in
the global cloud computing community, and will feature an exceptional lineup
of speakers covering the following representative topics:

- Transition and migration from corporate environments to the Cloud
- Interoperability between corporate infrastructure and Clouds
- ROI in the Cloud (capital and operational expenditure models)
- Pricing and cost accounting for Cloud offerings
- Best practices, use cases and design patterns
- Regulatory compliance and security
- Scientific research in the Cloud (modeling and simulations,
computational fluid dynamics, high performance computing, GPU-based solutions,
running MATLAB/Mathematica models in the Cloud, etc.)
-- Latest data center technologies
-- Use of virtualized and non-virtualized (close to metal) technologies in the Cloud
-- Overflow from corporate facilities to the Cloud
-- Difference between Grid and Cloud (distinctive attributes)
-- Storage in the Cloud: the Cloud from an end-user perspective
-- Optimal network topologies, specific to Cloud environments
-- Quick and secure delivery of applications and services over the Cloud
to consumers and businesses
-- Applications and challenges for enterprise financial systems


The virtual conference format will be supported by an online community
platform in order to facilitate professional networking opportunities among
the registered attendees.

The organizing committee includes the following leading experts:

Geoffrey Fox, Professor of Computer Science, University of Indiana; Greg
Pfister, Independent Computer Hardware Professional, Distinguished Engineer at
STG, IBM; Tim Mather, V.P. & Chief Security Strategist at RSA Conferences;
Eliezer Dekel, Senior Technical Staff Member, Manager, Distributed Middleware
IBM Research Laboratory in Haifa; Kristi Schultz, STSM - Blue Cloud Ensemble
Management, IBM; Gabriel Sallah, HPC and Virtualisation Architect Global
markets at Standard Chartered Bank in Singapore; John Savageau, CTO, CRG West;
Achim Luhn, Director Innovation Projects at Siemens IT Solutions and Services;
Khazret Sapenov, CTO, Cloudcor Inc.; Dave Graham, EMC Corporation; Paco
Nathan, Adknowledge; Krishna Sankar, Distinguished Engineer at Cisco; Chris
Sears, SunGard; Randy Bias, VP Technology Strategy, GoGrid; Chris Marino, CEO,
SnapLogic; Andre Merzky, IT Analyst CCT, Louisiana State University; Igor
Edelman, VP Engineering at Bank of America; J. Andrew Rogers, VP Geospatial
Systems at Neopolitan; Subra Kumaraswamy, Sr. Security Manager at Sun
Microsystems; Richard Donaldson, COO at United Layer; Brian Cinque, Data
Center Architect at Sun Microsystems; Sassa NF, Technology Advisor; Eric
Moore, Technical Consultant, HP Software; Rob Gingell, CTO and EVP Product
Development for Cassatt; Daniel Schwartz, Banking Industry; and Edward Browdy,
Information Assurance and Security Professional.

Further details on Cloud Slam '09 are available on the conference web site at
http://cloudslam09.com

For sponsorship opportunities, please contact Khazret Sapenov at
info@cloudslam.org

Also follow Cloud Slam's social footprint at:
-- LinkedIn: http://events.linkedin.com/pub/25707
-- Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=41291803049
-- Twitter: www.twitter.com/cloudslam (or follow @cloudslam)


CONTACT: William Mougayar
media@cloudslam.org
1-905-584-8686
Khazret Sapenov
info@cloudslam.org
1-510-984-2312


SOURCE Cloudslam09.com

William Mougayar,

+1-905-584-8686,

media@cloudslam.org;

or Khazret Sapenov,
+1-510-984-2312,

info@cloudslam.org,

both of Cloud Slam '09

[ Cloud Computing ] Re: The Future of the Full Service OS

If you look at the hierarchy as it stands, applications require OSs for services, and hypervisors basically allow those OSs to run multiple times on a  given piece of hardware.  Everything else is gravy.

Say what you will about Windows, but anyone who remembers the old days of DOS where each app had to maintain its own drivers for printers, modems, etc. or even back to CP/M where every terminal, keyboard and disk drive needed individual support, we see that Windows was a very attractive way to abstract applications from the hardware.  In addition, it did provide a common user interface (which was attempted by many in the non-graphical DOS era) as well as multi-tasking, which also had been attempted in primitive ways before (remember TSRs and Quarterdeck DesQ ?)

The best thing about Windows was that in being nearly ubiquitous, it drove down training costs, and allowed (for the most part) a common OS for both clients and servers.  Windows NT squashed its opponents such as NetWare and Banyan, despite the fact those offered many superior core technologies.

Linux still serves as a very viable alternative, however its fragmentation has cost it market share compared to Windows.

Taken further, the incredible success of VMware (and the emergence of alternatives like Xen, Solaris containers, etc.) were inevitable as hardware advanced to far exceed its exploitation by a single OS per machine model.  Virtualization created its own set of needs (live migration, virtual networking, Physical to Virtual conversion, storage virtualization, etc.) unique to the new capabilities.  As Windows abstracted APPLICATIONS from hardware, Hypervisors take the next logical step and abstract the OS from hardware.

Granted, a hybrid approach to virtualization such as Solaris containers DOES, in fact, combine the OS and virtualization stack, I suspect the fact that is is a proprietary technology would naturally limit its market share to a large extent.  It is the ability to support multiple OS flavors and versions side-by-side that is a great part of virtualization's appeal, and 3rd party hypervisors not tied to any OS will likely continue to do this best. 

It's kind of funny, that the management features unique to virtualization arose to solve problems that never before existed, but in the end, the benefits of virtualization end up an easy-tradeoff for the additional necessity to learn some new tools, and architect in a way to best take advantage of the technology.

I don't see the hypervisor taking over the role of OS anytime soon.  It's just my opinion, but keeping it simple will pay dividends.  I can, howewer, see the role (or importance) of the OS diminished significantly as "virtual appliances" evolve. 

Check out www.rpath.com (they seem to have been doing this the longest) !!  If you could acquire an app running on an open-source Linux distro that fulfilled all the needs of your organazation, you would find little excuse to select a similar app that requires a full  Windows license.

In the end, I think SUPPORT will be the big issue for most.  I recall, when I worked at HP, our big selling point was that we supported GUEST Operating Systems as well as the underlying hypervisors.  That was a HUGE selling feature, as Operating Systems vendors (at the time) chose not to support their wares on virtualized platforms.

Cloud Computing has the opportunity to take that question off the plates of end-users.

On Wed, Dec 24, 2008 at 12:13 PM, <barbara@p..com> wrote:

All,

This thread started under topic of: Role of Windows Appliances and
Cloud
I opened a dedicated topic.

THE QUESTION (Response from trimark [m_cathcart@...co.uk] follows.
What is Future of conventional full service OS in the world of
virtualization.

OS's run on top of Hypervisors. And...Hypervisors are enablers of IAAS
because, as we all know, most existing software systems dwell
comfortably in OS's level of granularity, and are not at home in SAAS
or PAAS.

I am looking at the question from a broad perspective.

The complexity that is introduced by black box hypervisors troubles
me. I feel the solve a problem already solved by IBM and other big box
vendors decades ago (VM/CMS).

So, with that in mind, the whole thing begs the question, what is the
future of the full service OS?
Do they morph into a meta OS, that can function in a manner like a
hypervisor OR full service OS or both (in essence something like a
mainframe OS).

Barbara Bour

RESPONSE M_CARTCART
Barbara

You ask what is the future of full service OS's and what next.

I'd say this, that its pretty obvious that services will be
increasingly provided by the hypervisor and virtualztion layer, esp
[ecially networking and storage, but also possible virtual memory, I/O
etc.

If the OS running on the hypervisor provides the same service and
doesn't do this WITH the hypervisor then it will be inefficient, and
generate overhead. There are a few possible solutions to this, one is
for the OS NOT to provide the same function, thats unlikely with full
OS's, or as part of initialization, they recognise they are running in
a virtualized environment, and cede that function to the hypervisor.

The latter makes more sense, but requires compatibility between the
hypervisor function and the OS funtion at the application level. For
higher level functions and new technology, thats easy. For lower level
functions this is less likely. It also removes much of the opportunity
for the OS to provide differentiated services.

Back to your question, what of the future for full service os?

I'd predict that most will do their damdest to link themselves with
their own hypervisors. In that way they can continue to provide
differentiated services that allow them to continue to be sold at a
premium. However, these OS's will generally lag behind emerging
composite OS's, where the hypervisor and the OS are made from a
networked, interconnected set of services, with little generation or
overhead between their services.

It would be interesting to know where/how you think IBM solved this
decade ago? As I see it, the only place IBM really solved this was in
VM/CMS. Where there was a strict hypervisor/virtualization layer that
had unique calls for functions, and the CMS OS which developed into a
purely virtualized OS and couldn't run without VM.

Other IBM implementations including AIX on Power did this to a lesser
degree, but really still are full function OS's that use
virtualization sparingly as their host.

We are likely to see an effort obsfucate the OS to providing grouped
higher level services that are interfaces into homogenous full service
OS's, these will provide a single point of automation, management,
etc. as well as scheduling and recovery. In this way, the full
function OS remains and the function that you are looking for from a
cloud is provided by a layer on top of the OS, rather than underneath
the OS at teh hypervisor layer. From a management, operations
perspective there is little differtence. From an apllication and
operational efficiency perspective there is a significant difference.

--
Cheers,
Jan

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[ Cloud Computing ] Re: Compute surface as a traded commodity?

On Wed, Dec 24, 2008 at 11:18 AM, dave corley <dcorley75@...com> wrote:

We'll witness a pre-cambrian explosion of end user, middlemen, and cloud providers over the next fifty years. Eventually, natural economic selection will take its course. Those in each

Fifty years?  Wow.  I'm going to go with five.  Sure, the economic model of supply/demand and natural selection will hold for quite some time, but I'm expecting the whole paradigm of computing to change many many many times by then.  Just look back - 20 years ago stand alone desktops were the norm.  15 years ago, the client-server model.  10 years ago, the internet was taking off, 5 years ago, virtualization was gaining acceptance.   Whatever the next hurdle or limitation is, our innovation overcomes it.   Now we're "in the cloud" <wince> with software being provided on demand as a service, the sky is the limit, and we're not stopping there.

--Shane
http://shanebrauner.org/
http://twitter.com/shanebrauner
http://www.10gen.com/

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[ Cloud Computing ] Re: Will Cloud Displace Internal IT Services For Data Centers?

Sure, cost savings are the big engine that keeps this truck a-movin', but where I think we're heading isn't solely the same old financial bottom line trade off between choice A and B for the same solution, but a fairly fundamental shift in the way IT / computing is done. 

Right now, virtualization is providing the stepping stone to move out of the traditional datacenter/IT shop model to infrastructure services (arguably, managed hosting is a step further ahead).  The problem with this though is that as a company, you're still having to worry about the business need : infrastructure link at a fairly low level. 

Where we're heading is toward the virtualization / abstraction of the next layers up.  Companies will subscribe to services that satisfy the business need directly, rather than satisfying a requirement to service the business.  For example, instead of buying a managed server, which you then have your IT folks manage an email service on, you'll buy that end managed service directly.  (yeah, I picked an example where it's already happened).  This is following out in other areas - CRM, desktop apps, etc.  You know 'em already.

There's going to be a war between infrastructure providers (just like we saw with the commoditization of PC's), and the end-user facing software will have the same types of competition we've seen for years, with Big Giants with tons of functionality and a big customer-base trying to stay ahead of innovative fast movers.

A wise man once told me, if there's a war, sell bullets.  The platforms that allow for an easy switch between infrastructure providers, and are compatable with the big software players, but allow for fast, easy, development are going to win big.

--Shane
http://shanebrauner.org/
http://twitter.com/shanebrauner
http://www.10gen.com/

On Wed, Dec 24, 2008 at 11:00 AM, dave corley <dcorley75@...com> wrote:

Interesting perspective. What will drive the success or failure of this peak-use, hybrid cloud computing modeis its ability to save money for the CFO/CIO. For most applications, enterprises normally simply over-provision, suffering additional capex and consequent opex. Opex burden is endured for 100% of year. Capex is a single hit. Virtually providing peak resources on-demand has vale proposition of paying for capital and operations only as needed. If the specific application is only expected to peak with Gaussian probability, AND if the peak only occurs, say, 5% of the year, and if the peak demand MUST be satisfied orthe enterprise suffers from custoer satisfactio or other business metric, then elastic, on-demand hybrid is a fit for the enterprise.

But, the large dynamic that will affect this marketand its likely implementation is labor costs (opex) balanced against performance and cost of operations.

Performance and operations costs being equal, hosting the data center in an environment in which labor costs are lower will drive the pure external cloud model.

Operations costs and labor costs being equal will drive the data center/cloud to be located nearest the centroid of the cloud-rovider's target market to optimiZe performance..

Labor costs and performance being equal, data centers are likely to be hosted in regions in which power, service redundancy, security and other operational aspects are optimized.

Perhaps specific elements of the cloud that fit these three areas may be specifically located to reduce overall costs and optimize performance...a' la' akamai. A hybrid model deliverer will win as they couple a compelling financial model to their business case.

Dave

On Wed, Dec 17, 2008 at 12:44 PM, Shane Brauner <shane.brauner@...com> wrote:

In current incarnations, your major cloud options are mainly IaaS - you get virtualized hardware just like a colo.  It's at the next levels up where you're going to start seeing more inroads into internal IT. 

I'm coming at this from the Infrastructure / Platform / Software tri-cloud perspective.  At the platform layer, you no longer need to concern yourself with any of the OS/Hardware/VM management, configuration, or administration.  You focus on your code, and forget about the machines.  That's going to have a big impact on internal IT. 

Granted - clearly not every application is suited for this. But it's a changing world.  There are aspects of business for which this is a great fit and they'll be early adopters.  This will spur development of more features and functionality which will in turn allow for adoption by a broader market.  It's a feedback loop.

Shane

--
Shane Brauner
http://www.10gen.com/
http://twitter.com/shanebrauner

On Wed, Dec 17, 2008 at 10:45 AM, Ricky Ho <rickyphyllis@.com> wrote:

Right !  Large enterprise is unlikely to displace their internal IT with Cloud computing.

However, they will use Cloud Computing in 2 specific ways, which is described here ...
http://horicky.blogspot.com/2008/12/does-cloud-computing-make-sense-for.html

Large enterprises requires a new suite of "management / middleware" technology which enable their applications to work in a hybrid environment (a mix of public + private cloud).  Also note that the cost dynamics in public and private cloud is very different.  The technology should include a cost-aware scheduler that can deploy the application components in the most cost effective way. 

Rgds,
Ricky

---

From: "Pietrasanta, Mark" <Mark.Pietrasanta@h.com>
To: "cloud-computing@googlegroups.com" <cloud-computing@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Wednesday, December 17, 2008 6:32:11 AM
Subject: [ Cloud Computing ] Re: Gartner: Will Cloud Displace Internal IT Services For Data Centers?

But again, it seems like people are missing the point:

 

1)      Cloud Computing, at least in any of its current and pending forms, does almost nothing to reduce my internal IT staffing needs.  It's no better than Co-Lo in terms of IT staffing requirements;

2)      CC is more expensive than *any* of the alternatives, except in fringe cases (e.g. those with extremely volatile volume changes, and academic/research/"super computing" needs)

 

CC can't possibly replace internal IT services until CC *offers* some form of IT services.  And the costs have to come way way down before it becomes a realistic alternative to Co-Lo (or for the small business, setting up a machine under their desk and hiring a college kid to manage it).

 

From: cloud-computing@googlegroups.com [mailto:cloud-computing@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Krishna Kurapati
Sent: Wednesday, December 17, 2008 9:18 AM
To: cloud-computing@googlegroups.com
Subject: [ Cloud Computing ] Re: Gartner: Will Cloud Displace Internal IT Services For Data Centers?

 

My View:

 

It also depends on size of organization. For SMBs, Core applications as well as non-core applications (if any) will shift to Cloud/SaaS model. 

And with recent financial turmoil, many large companies became medium and medium became small :)

 

Any organization adopting cloud would be security/compliance, availability/accessibility.

and portability/migratability. 

 

These requirements overweigh cost advantages depending on the vertical they play into.

 

Krishna Kurapati

Cloud Ventures

 

On Wed, Dec 17, 2008 at 3:37 AM, nagarajansankar@mail.com <nagarajansankar@mail.com> wrote:

Here is an interesting article that appeared yesterday.

http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/12/gartner_will_cl.html?catid=cloud-computing

My take  is that possibly Non-mission critical or Non- revenue
generating applications (the so called departmental applications) in
enterprises that may form about 20 to 25% of the total IT
infrastructure and services may find their way to the clouds..

Do share your thoughts...


- Sankar
http://www.linkedin.com/in/nsk007

 

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[ Cloud Computing ] Re: Role of Windows Appliances and Cloud

Mark,

As you said the difference between OSs and hypervisors are obfuscated.
Maybe we could use neutral names:
1st layer: provide fundmental system services, running directly on
physical machines
2nd layer: provide virtualized tasks, running on the 1st layer

If I understand correctly, you think the 1st layer should be thicker
than current hypervisors, but thinner than current full service OSs;
the 2nd layer should be thicker than current runtimes:JVM, .NET, etc.,
but thinner than current full service guest OSs.

I don't know if technologies would affect how to divide the
functionalities between the 1st layer and 2nd layer. Say, multi-core,
blades, commodity hardwares, etc. The decision to scale out or up ?
Virtualization, cluster, or GRID.

Does these factors affect each others ?

Scott

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[ Cloud Computing ] Re: Role of Windows Appliances and Cloud

This discussion is getting interesting, the perspectives shared on this and other topics great!

On this topic -

I think that as long as there are applications built to run on a full service OS - there will be full service OS - and as long as the current body of applications consumed by enterprises - small, medium, large, and very large alike - the full service OS will be here awhile. I am constantly reminded of this when I hear from enterprises how many NT4 they still run - because that's what the application needs.

If you are creating new applications with new tools for new environments ( e.g. force.com, or azure ) - the OS shouldn't and doesn't matter.

I think if you have created apps in a development tool chain where the runtime environment is all the app see's - the OS shouldn't and doesn't matter either.

However - if you are an enterprise and want to accelerate adoption of an IaaS cloud - and you happen to have lots of windows apps - it seems to me that you can't readily create a Windows Appliance w/o breaking MSFT licensing.

And if you are providing an IaaS model - e.g. EC2 - and try to provide the runtime environement - IIS/ASP.Net/SQL Server - you are bound to get it wrong for many customers - because their Apps depend on specific .rev instances of each of the underlying components.

This is where the idea for a wrapper comes - a concept where you can wrap each of the components separately ( e.g. each .rev of the front end, app server, db, and other common services ) - with just enough configuration so they can run on a given OS.

The actual application - also wrapped - just points to each of these components - and all of this can be assembled and instantiated on the fly.

So if my app needs a different .rev of SQL Server in the Amazon AMI with IIS and ASP.net - no problem - it grabs it on the fly.

The wrapper - this will be similar to App Virtualization technology - which does a great job for desktop/client applications - but to work in the cloud, needs to virtualize idenity ( like the host name, networking, etc ) , services, etc.

Perhaps this is a topic for a new thread.

-----Original Message-----
From: cloud-computing@googlegroups.com [mailto:cloud-computing@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of trimark
Sent: Wednesday, December 24, 2008 10:57 AM
To: Cloud Computing
Subject: [ Cloud Computing ] Re: Role of Windows Appliances and Cloud

Barbara

You ask what is the future of full service OS's and what next.

I'd say this, that its pretty obvious that services will be
increasingly provided by the hypervisor and virtualztion layer, esp
[ecially networking and storage, but also possible virtual memory, I/O
etc.

If the OS running on the hypervisor provides the same service and
doesn't do this WITH the hypervisor then it will be inefficient, and
generate overhead. There are a few possible solutions to this, one is
for the OS NOT to provide the same function, thats unlikely with full
OS's, or as part of initialization, they recognise they are running in
a virtualized environment, and cede that function to the hypervisor.

The latter makes more sense, but requires compatibility between the
hypervisor function and the OS funtion at the application level. For
higher level functions and new technology, thats easy. For lower level
functions this is less likely. It also removes much of the opportunity
for the OS to provide differentiated services.

Back to your question, what of the future for full service os?

I'd predict that most will do their damdest to link themselves with
their own hypervisors. In that way they can continue to provide
differentiated services that allow them to continue to be sold at a
premium. However, these OS's will generally lag behind emerging
composite OS's, where the hypervisor and the OS are made from a
networked, interconnected set of services, with little generation or
overhead between their services.

It would be interesting to know where/how you think IBM solved this
decade ago? As I see it, the only place IBM really solved this was in
VM/CMS. Where there was a strict hypervisor/virtualization layer that
had unique calls for functions, and the CMS OS which developed into a
purely virtualized OS and couldn't run without VM.

Other IBM implementations including AIX on Power did this to a lesser
degree, but really still are full function OS's that use
virtualization sparingly as their host.

We are likely to see an effort obsfucate the OS to providing grouped
higher level services that are interfaces into homogenous full service
OS's, these will provide a single point of automation, management,
etc. as well as scheduling and recovery. In this way, the full
function OS remains and the function that you are looking for from a
cloud is provided by a layer on top of the OS, rather than underneath
the OS at teh hypervisor layer. From a management, operations
perspective there is little differtence. From an apllication and
operational efficiency perspective there is a significant difference.

On Dec 23, 5:24 pm, "Barbara Bour" <barb...@principiainc.com> wrote:
> The complexity that is introduced by black box hypervisors troubles me. I
> feel the solve a problem already solved by IBM and other big box vendors
> decades ago.
>
> So, with that in mind, the whole thing begs the question, what is the future
> of the full service OS?
> Do they morph into a meta OS, that can function in a manner like a
> hypervisor OR full service OS or both (in essence something like a mainframe
> OS).

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[ Cloud Computing ] The Future of the Full Service OS

All,

This thread started under topic of: Role of Windows Appliances and
Cloud
I opened a dedicated topic.

THE QUESTION (Response from trimark [m_cathcart@yahoo.co.uk] follows.
What is Future of conventional full service OS in the world of
virtualization.

OS's run on top of Hypervisors. And...Hypervisors are enablers of IAAS
because, as we all know, most existing software systems dwell
comfortably in OS's level of granularity, and are not at home in SAAS
or PAAS.

I am looking at the question from a broad perspective.

The complexity that is introduced by black box hypervisors troubles
me. I feel the solve a problem already solved by IBM and other big box
vendors decades ago (VM/CMS).

So, with that in mind, the whole thing begs the question, what is the
future of the full service OS?
Do they morph into a meta OS, that can function in a manner like a
hypervisor OR full service OS or both (in essence something like a
mainframe OS).

Barbara Bour

RESPONSE M_CARTCART
Barbara

You ask what is the future of full service OS's and what next.

I'd say this, that its pretty obvious that services will be
increasingly provided by the hypervisor and virtualztion layer, esp
[ecially networking and storage, but also possible virtual memory, I/O
etc.

If the OS running on the hypervisor provides the same service and
doesn't do this WITH the hypervisor then it will be inefficient, and
generate overhead. There are a few possible solutions to this, one is
for the OS NOT to provide the same function, thats unlikely with full
OS's, or as part of initialization, they recognise they are running in
a virtualized environment, and cede that function to the hypervisor.

The latter makes more sense, but requires compatibility between the
hypervisor function and the OS funtion at the application level. For
higher level functions and new technology, thats easy. For lower level
functions this is less likely. It also removes much of the opportunity
for the OS to provide differentiated services.

Back to your question, what of the future for full service os?

I'd predict that most will do their damdest to link themselves with
their own hypervisors. In that way they can continue to provide
differentiated services that allow them to continue to be sold at a
premium. However, these OS's will generally lag behind emerging
composite OS's, where the hypervisor and the OS are made from a
networked, interconnected set of services, with little generation or
overhead between their services.

It would be interesting to know where/how you think IBM solved this
decade ago? As I see it, the only place IBM really solved this was in
VM/CMS. Where there was a strict hypervisor/virtualization layer that
had unique calls for functions, and the CMS OS which developed into a
purely virtualized OS and couldn't run without VM.

Other IBM implementations including AIX on Power did this to a lesser
degree, but really still are full function OS's that use
virtualization sparingly as their host.

We are likely to see an effort obsfucate the OS to providing grouped
higher level services that are interfaces into homogenous full service
OS's, these will provide a single point of automation, management,
etc. as well as scheduling and recovery. In this way, the full
function OS remains and the function that you are looking for from a
cloud is provided by a layer on top of the OS, rather than underneath
the OS at teh hypervisor layer. From a management, operations
perspective there is little differtence. From an apllication and
operational efficiency perspective there is a significant difference.

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